⑴ 誰有關於「股票期權激勵機制在公司治理中的作用」的文獻資料啊。
我靠,要的太多了吧!!!
摘要:股權激勵作為一種有效解決企業委託與代理問題的長期激勵機制,早在上個世紀80年代就已經在西方企業廣泛實施,並取得了極大的成果。上個世紀90年代,國內學者和企業界開始探討這種激勵機制在公司治理中的應用並付諸實施。近年來,理論界不乏關於如何設計、改進和推廣實施股權激勵機制和有關公司治理的著述,但是,對股權激勵機制在公司治理中的作用的研究還不是很深入。本文結合目前實施股票期權實踐來分析,找出目前股票期權在公司治理中的作用,以期為企業採取該激勵機制提供一定的參考價值
關鍵詞:股票期權;公司治理;激勵;作用
一、公司治理概述
1、公司治理的概念
公司治理是一個多角度多層次的概念,很難用簡單的術語來表達。但從公司治理這一問題的產生與發展來看,可以從狹義和廣義兩方面去理解。狹義的公司治理,是指所有者,主要是股東對經營者的一種監督與制衡機制。即通過一種制度安排,來合理地配置所有者與經營者之間的權利與責任關系。公司治理的目標是保證股東利益的最大化,防止經營者對所有者利益的背離。其主要特點是通過股東大會、董事會、監事會及管理層所構成的公司治理結構的內部治理。廣義的公司治理則不局限於股東對經營者的制衡,而是涉及到廣泛的利害相關者,包括股東、債權人、供應商、雇員、政府和社區等與公司有利害關系的集團。公司治理是通過一套包括正式或非正式的、內部的或外部的制度或機制來協調公司與所有利害相關者之間的利益關系,以保證公司決策的科學化,從而最終維護公司各方面的利益。因為在廣義上,公司已不僅僅是股東的公司,而是一個利益共同體,公司的治理機制也不僅限於以治理結構為基礎的內部治理,而是利益相關者通過一系列的內部、外部機制來實施共同治理,治理的目標不僅是股東利益的最大化,而是要保證公司決策的科學性,從而對保證公司各方面的利益相關者的利益最大化。
2、公司治理的主客體
(1)公司治理的主體
在探討公司治理主體之前,必要先回答一個問題,即公司是誰的?從傳統公司法律的角度來說,股東是理所當然的所有者,股東的所有者的地位受到各國的法律保護。從這個意義說,公司存在的目的就是追求股東利益最大化。傳統的公司法是建立在以下假定基礎之上:市場沒有缺陷、具有完全競爭性,可以充分地發揮優化資源配置的作用。這樣,公司在追求股東利益最大化過程中,就會實現整個社會的帕累托最優。然而在現實中市場機制並不是萬能的,股東的利害作為一種個體利害在很多場合和社會公眾的整體利害是不相容的。另外,支撐現代公司資產概念的不再是唯一的貨幣資本,人力資本成為不可忽視的因素,而且它同貨幣資本和實物資本在公司的運行中具有同樣的重要性。公司就是人力資本和非人力資本締結而成的和約。成功的公司既需要對外增強對用戶和消費者的凝聚力,也需要對內調動職工的勞動積極性。因此我認為,公司治理的主體不僅局限於股東,而是包括股東、債權人、雇員、顧客、供應商、政府、社區等在內的廣大公司利害相關者。
(3)公司治理的客體
公司治理客體就是指公司治理的對象及其范圍。追述公司的產生,其主要根源在於因委託—代理而形成的一組契約關系,問題的關鍵在於這種契約關系具有不完備性與信息的不對稱性,因而才產生了公司治理。所以公司治理實質在於股東等治理主體對公司經營者的監督與制衡,以解決因信息的不對稱而產生的逆向選擇和道德風險問題。
在現實中所要具體解決的問題就是決定公司是否被恰當的決策與經營管理。從這個意義上講,公司治理的對象有兩重含義:第一、經營者,對其治理來自董事會,目標在於公司經營管理是否恰當,判斷標準是公司的經營業績;第二、董事會,對其治理來自股東及其他利害相關者,目標在於公司的重大戰略決策是否被恰當,判斷標準是股東及其他利害相關者投資的回報率。
二、股權激勵機制在公司治理中的作用
在介紹股票期權激勵機制和公司治理的基礎理論時都提到委託代理關系,委託代理關系是建立股權激勵與公司治理之間關系的結合點。一方面,由於委託代理關系產生的信息不對稱,從而產生了公司治理。另一方面,公司治理過程通過股權激勵這個工具對公司經營者進行監督與制衡,以解決因信息的不對稱而產生的逆向選擇和道德風險問題。股票期權激勵機制能有效地使代理人在追求自身利益最大化的同時,實現委託人利益的最大化。
1、股票期權激勵機制對公司業績有積極作用
為了分析股票期權激勵機制與公司治理的相關性,我選擇了2001年以前開始股權激勵的企業中的30家的近三年業績指標,包括凈資產收益率、每股收益、主營業務收入、股東權益。其中凈資產收益率和每股收益為當期的盈利指標,而由於股權激勵的最大特點在於它的長期性與可持續性,因此我同時選擇股東權益增長率和主營業務收入增長率兩項指標對企業的長期發展情況進行分析。
從表1中我們可以看出,使用股權激勵的企業在進行股權激勵三年後,盈利指標和成長力指標的平均值都要高於全體上市公司的指標平均值。說明了在公司治理過程中通過運用股權激勵,在總體上發揮了對企業經營人員的激勵作用,在管理人員的努力經營之下,企業的業績有所提高。在所選擇的30家上市企業中:使用管理層收購6家,股票期權4家,業績股票6家,經營者/員工持股7家,股票增值權5家,虛擬股票2家。我們將不同激勵方式的企業的業績平均值進行比較。
從表2中我們可以看出:使用管理層收購、經營者/員工持股、業績股票和虛擬股票的企業各項指標之相對較高,這說明了目前這幾種激勵方式對於企業業績有較好的幫助作用,其他使用激勵方式的企業中除延期支付外基本都高於上市公司的平均水平,所以可以說目前股權激勵在我國企業中發揮了激勵作用,進行股權激勵的企業總體上有著良好的發展。
2、激勵機制是公司治理的重要組成部分
在公司治理過程中,股票期權激勵的實施產生了良好的業績指標,並解決了公司高層管理人員利益與股東利益及上市公司價值之間的一致問題。企業經營的成敗有市場和競爭等多種因素,但股權激勵制度安排影響企業管理行為是否符合股東價值最大化,是支撐企業管理層理性配置企業驅動資產的關鍵。
因此,公司治理問題包括高級管理階層、股東、董事會和公司其他利益相關者的相互作用中產生的具體問題。公司治理結構主要包括三個層面,一是如何配置和行使控制權;二是如何監督和評價董事會;三是如何設計和實施激勵機制。
目前,前兩者是大家談論公司治理的重點,而激勵機制特別是股權激勵往往得不到真正的實踐。實際上,股權激勵既是公司治理的重要組成部分,也是重要手段。在典型的股份公司運作中,股東通過董事會將管理權授予經理層,由於所有權和經營權相分離,管理者對由於自己努力而產生收益的剩餘索取權低於100%,從「經濟人效用最大化」的立場出發,管理者就有可能偏離大股東「利益最大化」的目標。因此,如何設計有效的薪酬激勵制度,促使管理者最大限度地為股東利益工作和最大限度地減少機會主義行為,便成為公司治理的一個重要環節。
3、激勵機制是解決「委託-代理」的重要制度安排
在現實世界中,公司大股東追求股東價值最大化(用公司股票的市價和紅利來衡量),管理者則追求自身報酬的最大化和人力資本的增值,因此薪酬激勵制度的核心是將管理層的個人收益和廣大股東的利益統一起來,而股權激勵正是將二者結合起來的最好工具。如果說公司治理問題的核心是解決所有者和經營者之間「委託—代理」問題的話,那麼以股權激勵就是解決這一問題的關鍵所在。
20世紀80年代後期,英美出現了實現股東價值最大化的公司治理運動,其中的一項重要內容就是授予公司高管更多的股票和股票期權,使其薪酬和績效(股價)直接掛鉤。由於股權激勵在很大程度上解決了企業代理人激勵約束相容問題,被普遍認為是一種優化激勵機制效應的制度安排,由此得到了長足的發展。目前,在美國前500強企業中,80%的企業採取了以股票期權為主的股權激勵計劃,股權激勵制度已經成為現代公司特別是上市公司用以解決代理問題和道德風險的不可或缺的重要制度安排。
而在中國,監管層也已經將股權激勵納入到公司治理的范疇。2005年10月,中國證監會發布《關於提高上市公司質量意見》中提到:「上市公司要探索並規范激勵機制,通過股權激勵等多種方式,充分調動上市公司高級管理人員及員工的積極性。」2006年1月,中國證監會正式發布《上市公司股權激勵管理辦法(試行)》,這標志著股權激勵在中國有了專門的法規和指引,國內上市公司股權激勵的新時代帷幕也就此拉開。在這兩個文件中都提到,實施股權激勵的目的是為了完善公司治理水平,提高上市公司經營管理和規范運作水平。
因此,提倡實施股權激勵,逐步建立起以津貼、年薪、股權等多種方式長短期結合的薪酬激勵體系有利於更好地、更長期地提高公司績效,實現公司長期價值的最大化。與此同時,由於董事會成員是主要的激勵對象,股權激勵機制的實施,將極大地影響董事會的運作驅動機制,有利於董事會成員利益和股東利益的統一,激勵董事會成員更多地關注股東價值最大化,而不僅僅是瞄準公司業績,也有利於促進董事會更多地關心公司長期利益。同時,股權激勵機制的建立將強化董事會的作用,特別是加強獨立董事和董事會專門委員會的作用,強化對管理層的約束,使得公司治理結構更為合理,有利於公司更加規范的運作。
4、激勵機制能提高公司其他治理主體的福利
廣義的公司治理的主體不僅局限於股東,而是包括股東、債權人、雇員、顧客、供應商、政府等在內的廣大公司利害相關者,這在公司治理的主客體中已經論述。由於實施了股權激勵機制,公司經營者的行為與公司要求的長遠發展相一致。公司要求的長遠發展不僅包括凈資產收益率、每股收益、主營業務收入、股東權益這些指標,還包括公司的誠信、人性化、守法性、社會責任感等。受到股權激勵的經營者要實現公司的長遠發展,以上所有的指標都是他在經營過程要考慮的也必須積極解決問題。這樣,對股東而言,由於凈資產收益率、每股收益、主營業務收入、股東權益等指標的提高,股東能夠實現其利益最大化的目標;對債權人而言,盡管不一定是公司的資產所有者,但它向公司發放貸款後,能夠得到及時的回收;對雇員而言,不僅能夠得到較好的收益,還能實現自身的價值;對顧客和供應商而言,顧客得到的是物美價廉的產品,供應商得到的是順暢的供應渠道;對政府而言,他管理的實納稅良民,也是能夠愛護環境,與社會和諧發展的富有社會責任感的企業……從廣義的公司治理來說,股權激勵機制提高了公司其他治理主體的福利。
⑵ 求一篇與會計准則相關的外文文獻,有相應譯文更好~
會計准則解釋2號
首先,同時發行A股和H股的上市公司,應利用會計政策和會計估計?
答:內地企業在香港會計准則和財務報告准則等效實現,同時發行A股和H股的上市公司,除了一些長期資產減值損失關聯方披露,以及回到兩者的區別,對於相同的事務應該在A股和H股在財務報告使用相同的會計政策和會計估計使用相同的確認、計量和報告可能不是在A股和H股的財務報告使用不同的會計處理。
第二,購買子公司少數股權在子公司應如何處理?企業或其分支機構進行企業重組和相關資產和負債應該如何調整賬面價值?
(一)母公司購買子公司少數股權形成的長期股權投資應當按照「企業會計准則第2號——長期股權投資,」第四條的規定來確定他們的投資成本。
母公司在編制合並財務報表,由於購買少數股權的新長期股權投資按照新的所有權應該有權按比例分配的基礎從購買日本的子公司(或合並)開始計算的凈差額資產的比例應該調整權益的所有者(資本盈餘),更少的稀釋資本儲備,調整留存收益。
這些規定僅適用於本法規定發布後發生的一個子公司購買少數股權交易發生之前,購買子公司少數股權的處理的事務沒有按照上述原則,沒有追溯調整。
(B)的企業的企業重組應評估以確認的資產、負債的價值,成本,成本區別他們的賬面價值,業主的權利和利益應調整;企業進行企業重組的子公司,母公司應該一般按照「企業會計准則第1號解釋說,「有關規定子公司確定長期股權投資的成本,長期股權投資的成本,賬面價值之間的差額應當調整權益的所有者。
第三,合資公司的業務應該包括在合並財務報表的合並范圍?
答:根據《企業會計准則第33號——合並財務報表」,資助企業其他投資者,連同實施共同控制的投資單位應占權益法,使用的比例合並法不應使用。然而,按照有關法規,如協議可能被投資企業實施控制裝置的投資,投資應該被包括在合並財務報表的合並范圍的單位。
第四,發行企業債券和股票期權交易分離的可轉換債券,股票期權會計應如何處理?
答:這個問題的公司債券和股票期權交易分離的可轉換債券(以下簡稱分離交易可轉債),其股票期權,「企業會計准則第22號——金融工具確認和計量》」和「企業會計准則沒有。37 -金融工具表示,「定義工具相關的權利和利益應與交易按照可轉換債券發行價格,減去沒有權證和其他條件都相同的公司債券的公允價值之間的差額後的權益,確認工具(資本公積)。
的規定,該企業已經發布的問題,之前的分離交易的可轉換債券,它應該追溯調整。
第五,建築施工企業經營轉移(BOT)參與公共基礎設施建設業務應該做的嗎?
答:建築施工企業經營轉移(BOT)參與公共基礎設施建設業務處理應按照下列規定:
(一)本規定應參與BOT業務同時滿足下列條件:
1。合同授予政府及其部門或政府授權進行招標公司。
2。合同為投資者按照程序獲得特許經營合同的企業(以下簡稱投資一邊的合同)。投資者按照合同提供了建立項目公司(以下簡稱項目公司)實施項目的建設和運營。除了建設項目公司獲得正確的基礎設施,基礎設施建設完成後一段時間負責提供服務的後續操作。
3。特許經營合同用於基礎設施建設、質量標准,項目開始運營後,後續的服務費用和同意做出調整,同時合同到期,投資者有一個合同將移交給相關的基礎設施獎的合同的義務,在轉移的基礎設施的性能,如國家明確表示。
(B)的機器人和業務相關的收入確認。
1。在施工過程中,項目公司提供施工服務應按照「企業會計准則沒有。15 -施工合同」,確認相關的收入和費用。基礎設施工程項目完成後,公司應按照「企業會計准則沒有。14 -收入」,後續確認和相關服務營業收入。
建造合同收入應該收集由於價格或公允價值,分別和之後的情況確認收入、金融資產或無形資產確認:
(1)合同的條款基礎設施完成後的一定期限內,項目公司可以無條件地從獎的合同來確定數量的錢收集基金或其他金融資產;項目或公司操作在其服務費用低於一定數量的限制獎合同按照合同條款將負責項目公司相關差異的補償應確認的收入識別金融資產的同時,按照「企業會計准則第22號——金融工具確認和計量》,」的規定來處理。
(2)合同的條款項目基礎設施公司業務完成之後的一段時間有權訪問的服務費,但電荷量的不確定性,這種權利並不構成一個無條件的權利獲得現金,項目公司應確認的收入的無形資產同時認可。
在發生過程的建設貸款利息,應該按照「企業會計准則第17號——借款費用」的規定。
2。項目公司沒有提供實際的施工服務,基礎設施建設合同,對方不應該承認在施工服務收入應依法支付流程的建設項目,如價格考慮合同的條款被確認為金融資產或無形資產。
(C)依照合同條款,對於企業,基礎設施保持一定的服務或者能夠授予合同移交側使用之前保持某種狀態支出預計將發生,它應該符合「企業會計准則第13號——或有一種「法規。
(D)在特許經營合同,項目公司不應該只提供服務(如提供兩個基礎設施建設和提供的服務完成後操作和服務),服務可以區分個體,收集其應收賬款,或它的價格應該按照服務的相對比例的公允價值分配給不同的服務提供。
(E)機器人業務的基礎設施項目的建設不應作為公司的固定資產。
(F)的業務,可以向BOT項目公司提供基礎設施除了其他資產,如果這些資產構成一項資助,用於滿足合同價格,政府不應該被用作撥款來處理。自項目公司授權訪問的資產,他們的公允價值應確認,沒有提供訪問資產和相關服務應該被認為是一種責任。
這個版本的規定,企業已經被執行的BOT項目,它應該追溯調整;追溯調整不可行,應根據BOT和業務相關的資產、負債在報紙上上市最早的開始時間根據帳面價值的重分類為一種金融資產或無形資產減值測試在同一時間;中陳述的第一期的開始為減值測試不可行,應在當期進行減值測試開始。
第六,售後租回交易是經營租賃應該如何處理會計嗎?
答:業務的售後租回交易是經營租賃應單獨處理在下列情形下:
(一)有確鑿證據表明售後租回交易是按照公允價值達成的,售價和區別的資產賬面價值應包括在當期損益。
(B)售後租回交易如果不是按照公允價值達成的,價格低於公平價值之間差別的損益應包含在當前時期,但損失將低於市場價值的未來租賃付款額補償、損害賠償應遞延(遞延收益),確認成本租金按照租賃周期方法分享;如果價格大於公允價值,公允價值大於其各部分應包括在遞延收入和租金分享期。
Accounting Standards interpretation No. 2
First, at the same time to issue A shares and H shares of listed companies, should the use of accounting policies and accounting estimates?
A: Mainland enterprises in Hong Kong accounting standards and financial reporting standards equivalent to achieve, at the same time to issue A shares and H shares of listed companies, with the exception of some long-term asset impairment losses related party disclosures, as well as back to the difference between the two, for the same transactions Should be in the A shares and H shares in financial reporting using the same accounting policies and use the same accounting estimates are confirmed, measurement and reporting may not be in A shares and H shares in the financial reports using different accounting treatment.
Second, the purchase of subsidiary companies minority ownership stake in a subsidiary should be on how to deal with? Enterprises or its subsidiaries to carry out corporate restructuring and related assets and liabilities should be how to adjust the book value?
A: (a) the parent company to buy a minority stake in a subsidiary formed by the long-term equity investment should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 2 - long-term equity investment," the provisions of Article IV to determine their investment costs.
The parent company in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, as a result of the purchase of a minority stake in the new long-term equity investment made in accordance with the new ownership should be entitled to a pro-rata basis from the purchase of a subsidiary of Japan (or on the merger) began to calculate the net difference between the share of assets Should adjust the rights and interests of owners (capital surplus), less dilutive capital reserve, retained earnings adjustments.
These provisions apply only to the provisions of this occurred after the release of a subsidiary to buy a minority stake in transactions that have taken place prior to the purchase of a minority stake in a subsidiary of the transaction have not dealt with in accordance with the above-mentioned principle, no retroactive adjustment.
(B) of the enterprise's corporate restructuring should be assessed in order to confirm the assets, liabilities and the value of that cost, the cost difference between their book value, the owner of the rights and interests should be adjusted; enterprises to carry out corporate restructuring, a subsidiary of the parent company It should be generally in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 1 explained that" the relevant provisions of the subsidiary to determine the long-term equity investment costs, the cost of long-term equity investment and the difference between the book value should adjust the rights and interests of owners.
Third, a joint venture for the business should be included in the consolidated financial statements of the scope of the merger?
A: In accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 33 - the combined financial statements", funded enterprises to other investors, together with the implementation of the jointly controlled by the investment units should be accounted for using the equity method, the ratio of the merger law should not be used. However, in accordance with the relevant statute, such as an agreement that can be invested enterprises on the implementation of the control unit of investment, investment should be included in the consolidated financial statements for the unit's scope of the merger.
Fourth, to issue corporate bonds and stock options trading separation of convertible bonds, the stock option accounting should be how to deal with?
A: The issue of corporate bonds and stock options trading separation of convertible bonds (hereinafter referred to as the separation of trading convertible bonds), with its stock options, "Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 22 - recognition and measurement of financial instruments" and "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 37 - financial instruments presentation, "defined tools related to the rights and interests should be separated from the transaction in accordance with the convertible bond issuance price, minus without warrants and other things being equal the fair value of corporate bonds after the difference between the rights and interests of a confirmation Tools (capital reserve).
The provisions of this enterprise has been released prior to the issue of separation of trading of convertible bonds, it should be retroactive adjustment.
Fifth, construction enterprises operate transfer (BOT) to participate in public infrastructure construction business should do?
A: The construction enterprises operate transfer (BOT) to participate in public infrastructure construction business should be dealt with in accordance with the following provisions:
(A) of this provision should be involved in the BOT business at the same time meet the following conditions:
1. Contract awarded to the government and its departments or government authorization to carry out the bidding companies.
2. Contract for the investor in accordance with the proceres to obtain the franchise contract enterprises (hereinafter referred to as the investment side of the contract). Investors in accordance with the contract provides for the establishment of the project company (hereinafter referred to as the project company) to carry out the project for the construction and operation. In addition to the construction of the project company to obtain the right infrastructure, infrastructure construction after the completion of a certain period of time to be responsible for providing services to the follow-up operation.
3. Franchise contract for the construction of infrastructure, quality standards, the project to begin operating after the service, follow-up charges and agreed to make adjustments and at the same time the contract expires, the investor has a contract would be handed over to the relevant infrastructure Award of the contract's obligations, and in the transfer of infrastructure performance, such as the state made clear.
(B) of the BOT and business-related revenue recognition.
1. During the construction, the project company for the provision of construction services should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 15 - the construction contract," confirmed related income and expenses. Infrastructure following the completion of the project company should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 14 - income," the follow-up to confirm and related services operating income.
Construction contract revenue should be collected e to the price or fair value, respectively, and the situation following the confirmation of income, financial assets or intangible assets identified:
(1) the terms of the contract after the completion of the infrastructure of a certain period of time, the project company can unconditionally from the award of contracts to determine the amount of money to collect funds or other financial assets; projects or companies operating in the fees for its services below a certain limit The amount, to award the contract in accordance with the terms of the contract will be responsible for differences related to the project company's compensation should be recognized in the income recognition of financial assets at the same time, and in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 22 - recognition and measurement of financial instruments," the provisions of To deal with.
(2) the terms of the contract projects in the infrastructure company following the completion of the business of a certain period of time have the right to access to the service charge, but charge the amount of uncertainty, that right does not constitute an unconditional right to receive cash, Project company should be recognized in the income of intangible assets recognized at the same time.
In the event of a process of the construction loan interest, it should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 17 - the cost of borrowing" of the regulations.
2. Project company did not provide the actual construction services, infrastructure construction contract to the other side should not be recognized in the construction services revenue should be paid in accordance with the process of construction projects, such as price to consider the terms of the contract were recognized as financial assets or intangible assets.
(C) in accordance with the terms of the contract, for enterprises so that the infrastructure to maintain a certain service or the ability to award contracts handed over to the side before use to maintain a certain state expenditures are expected to occur, it should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 13 - or There are a matter of "regulations.
(D) Under the franchise contract, the project company should not only provide a service (such as the provision of both infrastructure construction and services provided after the completion of the operation and service), the service can distinguish between indivial, to collect its receivables, or the price of It should be in accordance with the services of the relative proportion of the fair value allocated to the various services provided.
(E) BOT business by the construction of infrastructure projects should not be used as the company's fixed assets.
(F) in the BOT business, may grant to the project company to provide infrastructure in addition to other assets, if the assets constitute a grant to meet the contract price, the Government should not be used as grants to deal with. Since the project company to grant access to assets, their fair value should be confirmed, did not provide access to the assets and related services should be recognized as a liability.
The provisions of this release, enterprises have been carried out by the BOT project, it should be retroactive adjustment; retroactive adjustment is not feasible, should be based on BOT and business-related assets, liabilities listed in the newspaper as early as the beginning of the period based on the book value of re-classification As a financial asset or intangible assets, impairment tests at the same time; in the presentation of the beginning of the first period for impairment testing is not feasible, should be carried out in the current period beginning Impairment tests.
Sixth, sale and leaseback transactions as operating leases should be how to deal with the accounting?
A: The business of sale and leaseback transactions as operating leases should be dealt with separately under the following circumstances:
(A) there is conclusive evidence that the sale and leaseback transactions in accordance with the fair value is reached, price and the difference between the book value of assets should be included in current profit and loss.
(B) the sale and leaseback transaction if it is not in accordance with the fair value reached, the price lower than the fair value of the difference between profit and loss should be included in the current period; but the loss will be lower than the market value of the future lease payments of compensation, damages should be Deferred (deferred income), and confirmed with the cost of rent in line with lease period methods for sharing; if the price is greater than fair value, fair value is greater than its parts should be included in deferred income and rental Sharing period.
⑶ 急!求2篇關於上市公司股票期權激勵制度相關的外文文獻和中文翻譯,要有出處。謝謝各位了。qq:2570353391
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⑷ 求股票期權制度相關題材的論文或者資料。 多謝。
「春江水暖鴨先知」,股票期權的理論魅力,使我國企業界以實際行動扮演了對股票期權的先知先試角色。股票期權計劃在我國至今經歷了 10 余年發展時間,已形成了具有典型意義的「上海」、「北京」和「武漢」三種模式。綜合現有各種模式的具體做法,我國實施股票期權制度的案例呈現出許多不同於國際規范和慣例的特點,頗具中國特色。 1. 期權不僅適用於國家控股的上市公司和非上市股份有限公司,還適用於國有獨資有限責任公司。這與國外股票期權主要適用於上市公司這一點有所不同。其原因在於,國有企業希望藉助於實行股票期權或期股等方式來完成改制和產權結構調整。國有企業的改制首先要解決歷史遺留問題,特別是企業歷史積累中各要素貢獻的分割問題,以便為企業未來的公司治理構築合理化的平台。對於市場競爭性的國有企業來說,建立一個開放的、流動的產權結構是改制所要完成的重要任務之一,意義重大。這不僅是擴大資本規模的需要,同時也有利於降低單一國有資本所承擔的代理風險,實施更有效的激勵的需要。怎樣才能既保證管理人員獲得能夠產生較強激勵效果的足夠數量的股權,又能避免因分割存量資產引起的矛盾 ? 一種變通的做法就是著眼於增量企業未來的股權,即實施股票期權計劃。周其仁教授認為它是繞開私有化難題的制度創新,對這一做法給予了高度評價。 2. 股票期權已不再是一種選擇權,經營者必須購買。西方成熟的股票期權是一種選擇權,而不是一種義務。受益人可以在未來某個時期因股票市價高於期權的執行價格而行權,也可以因股價低於執行價而放棄行權。但是在國有企業現行的股票期權激勵中,期權不僅是一種權利,同時也是帶有一定強制性的義務,企業的主要經營者必須實際購買本企業股票。比如武漢國資公司的延期支付計劃,對公司法定代表人而言,根本不是一種擁有選擇權的股票期權,而是將其所有的已經分配的風險收入的指定部分拿去購買本公司的股票。對北京的期股試行辦法來說,經營者必須在三年任期內按既定價格分期繳納股款,購買本企業一定數量的股份;在經營者繳足股款之前,這部分股份屬於「期股」,經營者對這一部分股份只有表決權和收益權,而沒有所有權,待全部股款繳足後,期股的所有權才屬於經營者;經營者任期屆滿兩年後,經審計合格,該股份可以變現。可見,在我國實施的股票期權,名為股票期權計劃,實為「股票購買計劃」,經營者獲得的股票期權是一種殘缺不全的所有權,從法律上來看,這種所謂的股票期權已有經營擔保的性質。 3. 非國有中小股東利益在制度設計中未受到重視。從股票期權在我國的實踐來看,不論是上海還是北京、武漢,其實施方案都是由政府國資、財政等部門發文規定,程序上一般都是讓國有控股股東代表提出一項議案,由股東會作出決議。由於資本多數決定原則,國有控股股東的提議都能夠獲得通過,從而使其意志處於支配地位,產生對中小股東的約束力。由於國有股東提出的股票期權議案是以國有資產的保值增值作為考核指標的,這實際上排斥了中小股東在股票期權決策上應有的權利,造成了國有股東與中小股東之間事實上的不平等。這樣,獲贈股票期權的經營者只須對國有控股股東負責就行了,而無需考慮其他中小股東的利益。而且,國有股東的代表人或者主管部門的工作人員並不直接從公司收益增加或股票價值上漲中受益,他們作為有限理性人有其自身獨特的效用。 www.bfblw.com/fblw.asp 這決定了他們與公司經營者簽訂的股票期權協議中的各項考核指標的訂立和監管,並不一定能夠與「以業績為中心」、著眼於長期激勵的股票期權制度的精髓相一致。 4. 我國股票期權具有懲罰機制。在激勵與約束上,我國股票期權更多地偏向了約束一方。北京市規定,如經營者任期未滿而主動離職,或任期內未達到協議規定的考核指標,取消其所擁有期股權及其收益,個人現金出資部分也作相應扣除。武漢規定,完成凈利未達到 50 %的,扣罰以前年度股票期權 40 %,而期股卻是用經營者的部分薪酬購買的。上海市規定,中途離職利未達經營指標的,不予兌現股權收益,並扣除一定數額的個人資產抵押金。這樣,股票期權就成了一種擔保之債,具有懲罰性。
⑸ 給我篇有關管理層激勵或年薪制的英文文獻吧有中文翻譯的我追加給分
The annual salary system based on the incentive mechanism on stock options
Abstract: The Entrepreneurs of the incentive mechanisms that affect the development of the key factors. Based on the analysis of the current implementation of many of our enterprises on the basis of the annual salary system, studied and discussed more concive to encourage entrepreneurs of the stock options of long-term incentive mechanism.
The development of domestic and international business practice that: enterprise can do a good job, the key lies in people who have enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, the key is management, management can upswing, the key lies in the choice of entrepreneurs, incentive and restraint mechanisms And the incentive mechanism is the key to key.
First, the theoretical basis for the annual salary system
In recent years, the annual salary system graally income entrepreneurs in China to promote, to follow the needs of enterprise reform, but also the value of human capital and entrepreneurs specific functions to be recognized and the results.
(A) entrepreneurs have a special human capital
Business entrepreneurs, though not the owner of physical capital, but they have excellent quality and management capacity, for the proction and operation of enterprises to provide special human capital, human capital is such a modern enterprise survival and development of the most important and most dilute Lack of resources. Entrepreneurs, business development planning, internal management system, investment programmes and profit distribution plan and other major issues of policy makers and organizations perpetrators. In a sense, entrepreneurs hold the fate of enterprises, dominated the rise and fall of corporate survival. Entrepreneurs of the scarcity of human capital in its own survival period is longer, higher training costs, many business operators, but can really become entrepreneurs of the few.
Entrepreneurs to provide the most important and special scarce human capital, making them in a modern enterprise system in general was different from the human resources of the powers, responsibilities and benefits. They have the corporate management decision-making power, charged with the responsibility of corporate capital appreciation, the benefits should also be its power, relative responsibility, not only in their remuneration is higher than that of the general staff and workers compensation, performance is more important to Entrepreneurs should be involved in business in the remainder of the profit-sharing.
(B) of entrepreneurs with internal and external al function
Entrepreneurs is the internal function within the enterprise entrepreneurs to other proction elements of organization and coordination, the overall configuration, to the maximum play to the role of various factors of proction, specific performance in: entrepreneurs decided to internal organizational settings, Develop their internal management systems and to develop business profit distribution plan. This organization of the internal allocation of resources is a senior labor and complicated labor, entrepreneurs, according to the labor intensity and complexity of remuneration, this part of a general income distribution according to work areas.
Entrepreneur's external feature is that entrepreneurs of foreign competition features, including innovation and risk management capabilities. Innovative features including the introction of new procts, the introction of new technology, opening up new markets. The introction of new proction and management organizations. Risk management function is that entrepreneurs in their process of innovation should also be considered in their decision-making and analysis of market risks, social risks and natural risks, and actively pursuing hedge the risk of revenue at the same time. Foreign entrepreneurs function is determined by the innovative entrepreneurs take a risk and revenue income, income does not belong to this part of the general distribution according to work areas, we can call it "technical know distribution." And the innovative capacity of entrepreneurs and risk management capability can be attributed to their level of knowledge and level of knowledge and management as a special labor involved in the creation of corporate profits, and entrepreneurs have reason and right to participate in the sharing of corporate profits.
Second, entrepreneurs, the reality of the annual salary system
For these entrepreneurs, the theoretical basis for income, in real economic life, entrepreneurs, the annual salary income from salary income and profit sharing composed of two parts, namely S = α + βπ, for distribution according to work-α in the annual fixed pay, π is Profit targets, β coefficient is shared.
α as the income distribution according to work, its decision mechanism and the general staff remuneration for labor's decision mechanism is similar. However, e to labor management is a more advanced and complex work, so, α the identification more complicated. In addition to comply with the "minimum wage can maintain the survival and reproction of labour" principle outside, α the size of the main decisions on the following factors: First, the entrepreneurs affected the market supply and demand situation, to a large extent depends on the marginal proctivity of entrepreneurs Second, the entrepreneurs the opportunity cost (such as access to ecation and training expenses and spend a result of the loss of income opportunities) on the impact of the third, the complexity of the activities of management experience and risk degree of influence; fourth, Should take into account the "high-paying Yang Lian" needs.
∏ profit targets based on their own situation there are three main options: first, π means that the actual profit or that actual profits exceed the profits of the » Second, π means that the total profits or profits compared with last year's increase in the » Third, π can also be relatively few, that is, profitability, the profit margin is sales revenue or profit margins funds margin »
Share β coefficient determined by the size of entrepreneurs on the marginal contribution to profits. β have identified the three options: first, by the business owners in accordance with the specific situation of enterprise decision; second, entrepreneurs from the same instry competition to decide, within the same instry in the implementation of a unified β; third, from all social enterprises Home competition to decide, when the average β is the social entrepreneurs to share coefficient, the management decided to entrepreneurs working on the social average profit contribution.
From the reality of the annual salary system, we can see that the annual salary system more complete and objectively reflect the performance of the work of entrepreneurs, the wage relations, highlighted the importance of entrepreneurs, human capital, while making entrepreneurs and the economic efficiency of enterprises linked to income, Reflects the interests, responsibilities and risks of the principle of consistency. However, the annual salary system to consider only the company's annual revenue, in the case of asymmetric information, entrepreneurs will lead to acts of short-term, the pursuit of short-term high-income after Yizoule. In addition, the annual salary system does not include long-term rewards, in the absence of dynamic IP cases, entrepreneurs may obtain income through other channels, such as through various channels, "rent-seeking", in-service consumer, eat or drink, and other public funds. To remedy this deficiency, we can learn from foreign enterprises to implement the stock options and other long-term incentive mechanism, so that the personal interests of entrepreneurs and business interests more closely together.
Third, the connotation of incentive stock options and the feasibility of
The so-called incentive stock options system, the intent is to give entrepreneurs the company within a certain period of time in accordance with the established price to buy a certain number of shares of the Company's rights, made by the entrepreneurs of the cost of equity capital markets and equity prices on the poor Formation of a reward for entrepreneurs to add. This article discussed the incentive stock options, has a special meaning is that entrepreneurs will be paid an annual salary in profit sharing in whole or in part into the form of stock options to achieve long-term incentive effect. Incentive stock options will be "incentive pay" and "ownership incentives" ingenious combination of, on the one hand to entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs make the long-term behavior and interests of solidarity with the interests of business owners and entrepreneurs make a business One of the owners, have some ownership of other enterprises, at least have the following benefits: First, open a corporate ownership structure, and stability can continue to attract outstanding management personnel; Second, the entrepreneurs of the stock options from income Provision of the securities market, enterprises can rece the burden of paying cash reward, save a lot of working capital to enterprises in the non-payment of funds under the incentives to entrepreneurs; Third, can rece the asymmetric information, rece agency costs; four enterprises can be corrected Home of short-sighted mentality, so that entrepreneurs are not only concerned about the enterprise, more concerned about their future.
In contemporary developed countries, business manager's remuneration structure of a larger change than ever before, to stock options as the main reward system has been replaced by a basic annual salary and bonus as the mainstay of the traditional pay system. According to statistics, the world's top 500 large instrial enterprises, 90 percent of the enterprises have their senior management adopted a stock option compensation system, of course, these enterprises are joint-stock listed companies. At the national level, corporate stock options incentive mechanisms in recent years in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Wuhan and other places in infancy. 1993, Shenzhen Vanke developed a strict standard "staff shares scheme rules" for implementation in three phases, but because the relevant laws and regulations did not keep up, making the first phase of the "stock options" in 1995 after the employee shares into Has not been listed, the second phase of abortion. In early 1999, Shanghai's instrial system initiated the "operators revolution," the pilot system of incentive stock options. In 1999, the Wuhan City in the form of stock options to honour the six companies the legal representative of the annual salary. His annual salary from the base salary income, income risk and special incentives, such as the annual salary component. One risk of revenue in net profit in accordance with the approved enterprises, 30 percent in cash honoured, and the remaining 70 percent into stock options. Although these experiments is not the strict sense and norms of stock options, but it is a useful and positive exploration, to a large extent inspired the operators.
Fourth, stock option incentive mechanism design
The above analysis shows that the current remuneration structure of the annual salary system in the implementation of joint-stock enterprises have yet there are still some applicability, but also for the implementation of joint-stock companies listed on the stock incentive period only laid the foundation. As the annual salary system of compensation contract extension, entrepreneurs, business owners can pay part of profit sharing in cash paid to entrepreneurs, will be transformed into the rest of the stock options. Such stock options is the intrinsic value of stock options expire at the present value of the transfer, in the efforts of entrepreneurs, if the company's operating condition and stock price rising, entrepreneurs can be higher than the annual salary of stock options System for the proceeds of the contrary, if the company to operate properly, the stock was up against or not, are not entrepreneurs, not only the current stock options, but the previous efforts (of the stock options have value) will also have been in vain . Based on the above ideas, we designed stock options incentive mechanism.
First of all remuneration structure in the annual salary system S = α + βπ on the basis of the introction of the relative performance comparison information - another corporate profit targets z. In this way, the entrepreneurs to improve the remuneration structure:
Ε for which the income of entrepreneurs and other corporate profit targets z relations factor: If ε = 0, entrepreneurs of income and z, otherwise, the income of entrepreneurs and z clearance, that is, business owners in the development of expectations Profits when the standard reference to the profits of enterprises related to other indicators. Comparing the relative performance of the introction of information aimed at enhancing the strength of incentives to entrepreneurs objectivity. Of course, the entrepreneurs pay the profit-sharing programmes in the coefficient of standards and expectations of the determination of profits, ultimately a matter for the business owners and entrepreneurs to balance the results of Concorde, the owners and entrepreneurs can not be the initial desire to be fully met. Generally speaking, the desire to meet the level of the specific values of variables and the two sides in the negotiations depends on the status of the greater amount of information, the higher the position, the easier it is to satisfy the desire.
Determine the matter reward entrepreneurs profits in cash to pay the proportion of i, cash income from entrepreneurs such as:
Where p after the announcement of the corporate annual report one month's average price.
In addition, the business owner provides entrepreneurs, before the expiration of stock options may not be listed in circulation, but entrepreneurs have stock options dividends, by配股rights. After the expiration of stock options, entrepreneurs have full ownership, he can be realised or stock to continue to hold. Their specific operating under the rules of the actual business case may be, for example, will reward entrepreneurs, profit sharing of 30 percent in cash honoured, and the remaining 70 percent into stock options, this part of the shares of the voting machine temporarily by the owner of the exercise, The second year of the return of last year, equivalent to 30 per cent of profit sharing paid shares, then the third year in the same form of the return of 30 percent, while the remaining 10 per cent of total retirement.
Five of China's enterprises, stock options Thoughts
Domestic and foreign enterprises reform of the system of remuneration Practice has proved that the stock options is to coordinate the interests of shareholders and entrepreneurs the most direct way is to implement long-term incentives to entrepreneurs an effective means of restraint. However, stock options the feasibility and effectiveness does not mean that each and every enterprise in China must be adopted, nor does it mean that all enterprises have access to immediate effect. Stock options in order to make the smooth and effective implementation, it will be dependent on the following aspects of the work of common development.
(A) actively promote the stock option incentive mechanism pilot
China's enterprises in the internal and external conditions are ripe circumstances, must not blind action, Yihongershang, select some good joint-stock operation, standardize operations in recent years, no significant adverse events listed companies, especially those who grow up with good development potential Large high-tech pilot listed companies, to be made and the experience of all aspects of the promotion after the conditions are ripe.
(B) pay close attention to amend and improve laws and regulations governing securities
States should step up the formulation of the relevant stock option incentive mechanism of policies and regulations, including the mandate of the main stock options, incentive target, source, proportion, volume and price, the stock option shortest retention period, the minimum retention and non-negotiable, and Entrepreneurs such as the middle of separation or retirement of the approach, and so on, so that the enterprise incentive stock option plan law, rule-based, standardized operation.
(C) to speed up the establishment and improvement of professional entrepreneurs market
China's entrepreneurs, the cultivation, selection and use of still lacks clear and effective channel and contract protection, therefore, it is necessary to fully tap and entrepreneurs to play the function of the market, improve the mechanism by an agent, to the entrepreneurs of the term of office, powers and responsibilities, such as the establishment of Lee Clear and strict provisions of the lease for the smooth implementation of stock options to provide organizational guarantee.
(D) focus on cultivating effective stock market
It is necessary to guide investors adjusted attitude, focus on rational investment, guard against blindly speculation, to rece body speculation, the stock manipulation phenomena, to form an effective stock market, correctly reflect the operating results of enterprises so that the entrepreneurs of the stock options income and business performance Has a high correlation.
(5) to improve corporate governance and oversight mechanisms
Stake in the implementation of the enterprise must encourage the establishment and improvement of corporate governance and oversight mechanisms, and ensure the General Assembly and the Board of Directors by the shareholders determine compensation incentives to entrepreneurs of the specific programmes; entrepreneurs with the signing of a legally binding contract by the board of supervisors to exercise day-to-day Oversight functions.
超過字數限制了..中文的發不了..汗..
我用另一個號來發..
如果你覺得這個可以的話就把分加到我這個號上.(312004342)
⑹ 急求股票期權激勵機制利弊的外國文獻資料!!!
巴菲特
⑺ 求一篇關於某企業的戰略管理英文論文
內容摘要: 在市場經濟發展日趨深化的今天,品牌對於企業生存和發展的重要性已眾所周知,品牌戰略已成為眾多知名企業在市場競爭中立於不敗之地的法寶。品牌文化是樹立企業形象、提升企業競爭力的核心問題之一。因為,品牌是擁有它的企業區別於其它企業的標識,它不僅僅是企業形象識別,本質上代表著賣方對交付給買方的產品特徵、利益和服務的一貫性承諾。品牌是質量的保證,是優質的服務,是企業文化的結晶,是企業的一個象徵。品牌除屬性、利益、價值外,更主要的是代表了企業文化的追求。企業文化賦予了品牌鮮活的生命力和非我莫屬的無形張力,任何一個知名品牌的背後都有其企業文化為依託,品牌一旦生成於優越的企業文化氛圍之中,便能大放異彩。因此,本文通過對品牌基本含義的闡述,探討了品牌在工業企業發展中的重要性,並對工業企業競爭的重要性做出分析。
關鍵詞: 品牌競爭 工業企業 競爭意識
一、品牌的建設對企業來說有什麼重要性呢?
在目前的國內市場上,沒有打造自己的「品牌」,企業的商品力就很弱,也就是說基本沒什麼競爭優勢,更不會有所有企業家都夢寐以求的附加值 高額利潤;所以說,附加值低是中國很多企業最大的無奈 因為附加值低,企業缺乏產品研發、管理升級、以及市場推廣的投入;沒有強勢的品牌競爭力,企業商品的市場競爭力就不敵競爭對手,其市場價格自然難以提升,由此就帶來了更低的附加值,以至於使企業陷入低水平競爭的怪圈,企業進入更惡性的循環。因此對企業而言,品牌競爭力的高低決定著企業與企業之間利潤的大與小,也決定著產品與產品之間的成功與失敗,更決定著企業與企業之間的強大與弱小。
創造強勢品牌對於一個企業來講是一件意義深遠的事情,是企業獲得核心競爭優勢的基礎,也是在當代國際化的市場經濟競爭中是否能迅速崛起、強盛起來的關鍵。巨大的中國市場已經成為國內外企業共同爭奪的主戰場,企業不論實力、不論規模、不論資歷,註定要在同樣的競爭環境下求得生存、渴望發展。要想在競爭中勝出,必須將注意力集中於——創造具有核心競爭優勢的「強勢品牌」。
創建強勢大品牌的最終目的是為了持續獲取較好的銷售與利潤。由於無形資產的重復利用是不用成本的,只要有科學的態度與高超的智慧來規劃品牌延伸戰略,就能通過理性的品牌延伸與擴張充分利用品牌資源這一無形資產,實現企業的跨越式發展。
現在的市場競爭其實已經發展為到了「品牌的戰爭」的階段 -也就是「品牌核心優勢的競爭」, 沒有品牌的競爭是無力的競爭,沒有品牌支撐的商品是脆弱的商品,沒有品牌根基的市場可以說根本就不是「已佔領的市場」。因此,眾多商界與投資者都認識到「品牌」才是企業最珍貴的資源。
二、如何增強品牌競爭意識
1、我國企業品牌競爭現狀
有人曾問國內一些知名企業的老總,企業經營的目標是什麼?答案是:品牌的市場佔有率。這表明許多知名企業的老總已認識到了品牌的重要性。特別是當前國際市場生產力已經處於過剩狀態,所有開放市場經濟國家都不同程度地進入了買方市場,市場競爭的環境、手段與過去相比都發生了很大的變化。在這種新情況下,企業取勝的主要手段已不再單純以產品本身來競爭,還包括品牌的競爭。可以說,未來國際市場競爭的主要形式將是品牌的競爭,品牌戰略的優劣將成為企業在市場競爭中出奇制勝的法寶。
事實上,許多世界知名企業往往都是把品牌發展看成是企業開拓國際市場的優先戰略。可口可樂、百事可樂、麥當勞等等無一不是先從抓品牌戰略開始的,即創立屬於自己的名牌產品,並把它作為一種開拓市場的手段,最終佔領市場。而且,由於名牌的綜合帶動作用十分巨大,外向度也相當在市場經濟發展日趨深化的今天,品牌對於企業生存和發展的重要性已眾所周知,品牌戰略已成為眾多知名企業在市場競爭中立於不敗之地的法寶。進入WTO後,我國經濟逐步融入國際市場,民族企業面臨著更加激烈的競爭環境。這種激烈的市場競爭是產品質量、技術服務和價格等要素的競爭,最終要通過品牌競爭來實現。以名牌的經濟實力為後盾來分割世界資源、拓展全球市場,將是國際經濟運行的一大特點。2004年,我國GDP已升至世界第六位,貿易總量升至第四位,我國的彩電、服裝、鞋帽等多達100多個大類產品產量居世界第一。顯然,中國是無可非議的製造業大國,但是,我們卻是無可爭議的品牌弱國。2003年由世界權威機構評出的100個全球最有價值的品牌中,美國佔62個,日、法、德和英國各佔六七個,我國為零。
2、樹立專業品牌意識
品牌文化是樹立企業形象、提升企業競爭力的核心問題之一。因為,品牌是擁有它的企業區別於其它企業的標識,它不僅僅是企業形象識別,本質上代表著賣方對交付給買方的產品特徵、利益和服務的一貫性承諾。品牌是質量的保證,是優質的服務,是企業文化的結晶,是企業的一個象徵。品牌除屬性、利益、價值外,更主要的是代表了企業文化的追求。企業文化賦予了品牌鮮活的生命力和非我莫屬的無形張力,任何一個知名品牌的背後都有其企業文化為依託,品牌一旦生成於優越的企業文化氛圍之中,便能大放異彩。
三、品牌競爭在工業企業中的重要作用
1、產品質量是品牌打造的基礎。
品牌產品是產品中的精華,是以高度的質量保證為基本特徵的,是決定產品市場和銷售效果的本質條件。質量是品牌的生命,是獲得榮譽、取信於社會的保證。
2、堅守是支撐品牌塑造的關鍵。
信譽是一個品牌能夠在消費者心目中建立其"品牌偏好"和"品牌忠誠"感覺的基本要素。因為消費者對某一品牌產生偏好甚至忠誠,是對工業企業在產品質量、服務質量等各個方面的承諾所產生的信任。這種信任首先是消費者在市場上反復的實驗中逐漸得到歸屬,然後又在反復的消費中對自己喜歡的品牌產生認同。品牌的信譽競爭力不但可以鞏固已有的消費者群體,還可以通過它們擴展出潛在的消費者群體。因而良好的品牌信譽是企業的無形資產,可以增強品牌的競爭力,帶來超值的利潤。但是,信譽的建立和維護不僅需要很高的代價,而且還需要企業有長遠的戰略眼光。許多品牌的企業經營者們在激烈的市場競爭環境下,很難抗拒短期內獲取高額利潤的強烈誘惑,最終以犧牲品牌承諾為代價去換取眼前利益。溫州品牌要想真正成為具有國際競爭力的世界級品牌,企業就必須時刻恪守自己的承諾,遵循基本的商業游戲規則,什麼情況下都不能動搖自己的品牌信念。
3、技術創新和科學管理是確保品牌競爭力的源泉。
品牌是市場競爭的產物,是企業具有旺盛生命力的標志。品牌產品由於高科技含量使其具有高質量和高附加值,從而帶來高競爭力和高利潤。誰擁有了某一領域的知識產權,成為眾所周知的品牌,誰就是這一領域的領先者。科技的進步使品牌中的科技、文化含量越來越大,要保持品牌的持續競爭力,就必須不斷進行科技創新。同時隨著經濟的高速發展,人們的消費觀念和需求也在不斷變化,企業如果停止科技創新,以往的品牌產品就會過時,會被其它品牌所超越和取代。技術創新引導著市場需求,科學技術變遷決定著企業產供銷體系和企業產業的發展方向,因而,制定以技術創新為基礎的品牌競爭力戰略是企業贏得市場份額的根本途徑。任何品牌都有一個科學的內部管理環境。只有建立了科學完美的管理生產工藝流程及原材料消耗、產品質量考核、資金管理等管理制度,形成了有效的激勵機制和約束機制,確立了企業產品穩定的消費群體和市場,品牌才能在市場的激烈競爭中迅速成長。
4、高內涵的文化品牌是塑造品牌的核心。
品牌競爭的背後是品牌文化的競爭。一個品牌的知名度、美譽度和忠誠度自然來自品牌所代表的產品的內在質量和性能。品牌文化的豐富內涵支撐著品牌的知名度和美譽度,使品牌的影響深入到消費者的內心,落實到消費者的行動上,從而提升著消費者對品牌的忠誠度。沒有文化內涵的品牌缺乏吸引力和想像力,自然難以形成市場影響力,因此品牌的競爭力水平也就難以提高。品牌文化是結晶在品牌中的經營觀、價值觀、審美觀等觀念形態以及經營行為的總和。它不是品牌產品的實體層次,而是超越產品實體層次的抽象觀念形態,是品牌的靈魂所在。針對溫州企業品牌文化的具體情況,發展具有較深文化內涵的品牌應特別注重提高其服務文化。服務文化是一種服務理念和服務藝術。企業提供品牌服務首先要體現出濃郁的文化情愫和情感色彩,在無形中形成一種高雅感和親和力;其次要善於洞察顧客的潛在心理,想顧客之所想,提供切合顧客潛在心理期望的服務;優質品牌服務還要能謀求服務創新,率先推出有新特色的服務,給公眾留下深刻、美好的印象。
⑻ 關於股票期權的論文大綱應該是怎麼寫的呢 思路結構。。。
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⑼ 關於中國股市制度缺陷及糾正的外文文獻
這方面我基本上是空白,所以找了一下,看看能能否幫上你,二、中國股票市場存在的問題
市場經濟需要經濟自由、明確的財產權和保護產權的法律條件。在提供市場經濟的基礎條件方面,政府有著巨大的規模優勢。但是這種優勢只是理論上的。事實表明,政府與其說建設性地提供了這些基礎條件,倒不如說常常破壞性地摧毀市場經濟的基礎條件。中國股票市場一直沒有解決好政府與市場的關系問題。
1、經濟自由受到限制。中國股票市場上的股票發行方式行政色彩十分明顯,政府對股票發行實行了額度限制,上市指標成為稀缺「資源」。這使得擬上市公司向地方政府及主管部門爭取額度,地方政府和主管部門向國家證券管理部門爭取額度的行為愈演愈烈。政府對上市公司挑選程序的過深介入與市場經濟原則相背,因為政府挑選所採用的是一套行政機制,其核心是運用行政關系來推薦,缺乏市場選擇的效率,容易產生尋租腐敗。許多企業上市後把股票市場當作「提款機」,而沒有通過資本市場上的運作來解決企業亟待解決的問題,如轉換經營機制,建立良好的公司治理結構,優化資源配置和進行產業調整,反而使企業因缺乏有效的股東制衡機制和合理的股權結構而出現質量滑坡,許多公司在上市不久即告業績下降甚至虧損。
當上市公司不能正常經營時,政府又對上市公司資產重組和退市進行干預。中國股票市場一直沒有形成一種有效的退市制度。在連續虧損上市公司數量不斷增多的情況下,證券管理部門推出了ST、PT制度作為退市制度的過渡。由於對公司市場准入的控制,上市公司的「殼」成為稀缺資源,成為市場上兼並、收購和重組的首選對象。在發達國家,股票市場上上市公司的兼並、收購和重組完全是一種以市場為基礎的純企業行為,政府很少會介入到這一活動中去。而在我國,上市公司中國有股占據控制地位的產權結構特徵和資本市場以為國有企業籌集資金和「解困」為目的的定位,決定了政府必然是上市公司資產重組的內在構成要素。政府在介入關系公司資本結構變化與經營戰略調整的資產重組時,不可避免地會有行政管理者的色彩,很難將其所有者權能與社會管理者權能做出清晰地界定。同時,作為資產所有者,政府在重組中追求利益最大化的行為是市場化財產屬性所要求的結果,但它在行使其社會權能時,其行為更主要的是一種行政行為。角色的雙重性,導致政府在上市公司重組中的行為常出現市場化與行政化的混淆。
2、中國上市公司沒有形成明晰的產權。中國股票市場是官辦的,設立之初就是為國有企業解困、卸包袱的。因此,在現有的上市公司中超過60%的是從國有企業轉制而來的。全民所有權本身是一種不明確的所有權關系,全民所有權雖然在靜態意義上是明確的,但其收益與損失由誰負責卻不甚清楚。
公司治理是在產權諸項權能的基礎上形成的,合理的產權制度安排是有效公司治理的必要前提。在國有股控股的公司中,由於國有股的有效持有主體缺位,致使國有產權虛置,沒有形成人格化的產權主體,股東對企業的監控機制難以建立。這種制度缺陷容易衍生經營者道德風險,產生「內部人」控制。國有股東對公司的控制在產權上趨於超弱控制,在行政上則趨於超強控制。經理人員與政府博弈的結果是一部分經理人利用政府產權上的超弱控制形成對企業的內部控制,同時又利用行政上的超強控制轉嫁經營風險,將經濟性虧損推諉為體制性因素。
股權分置的制度安排也導致了公司外部治理機制不能正常運轉。正常情況下,股票在市場流通所表現的估價是對上市公司經營管理水平的直接反映,流通股比例越高,通過證券市場監督上市公司經營狀況的力度就越強。若公司業績差,投資者就會拋售股票,股價下跌,從而為收購者創造出收購機會,而一旦收購成功,被收購公司的原有經營管理者將處於十分不利的境地。因此,提升企業經營管理水平與經營業績來防止公司被惡意收購,就成為上市公司經營者恪盡職守、勤勉盡責的外在壓力與約束。但是在國有股不流通情況下,上述市場壓力傳導機制對經營者的作用非常有限。
3、缺乏完善的法制。資本市場正常有效運行的一個重要前提是必須有一套反映市場經濟本質要求和資本市場內在規律的完善的法律制度和健全的法律體系。但在我國這樣一套法律制度和法律體系還遠沒有建立起來。
在立法方面,調節資本運行的《公司法》和《證券法》都帶有比較明顯的制度缺陷。目前正在實施的《公司法》是從20世紀80年代後期開始制定,於1994年7月1日正式實施的。在制定《公司法》時,由於社會主義市場經濟理論還未正式確定,資本、資本市場和資本機制等都還未取得合法地位,人們對股票、股票市場和股份公司的地位和作用在認識上比較膚淺,在這種背景下制訂的《公司法》與現實越來越不適應。正在實施的《證券法》是在亞洲金融危機期間出台的,為有效防範風險,有些內容規定較嚴,已經不能滿足證券市場的發展需要,其中在混業經營,股指期貨、社保資金入市,加入WTO後的證券市場發展以及證券監管機構執法許可權等方面都亟須進一步改進。「法不好依」成為我國證券市場運行中的一個突出問題。
在執法方面,證監會是中國證券市場主要的執法機關,由於隸屬國務院具有行政管理職能,所以具有行政機關的色彩。證監會的監管很多時候是為了調控市場的價格和指數,缺乏預期性和一致性;執法過程中查處侵害投資者利益案件比較少,查處違反市場管理政策性法律案件比較多。在執法過程中存在不公平、不及時、不透明,缺乏連貫性,縱容違法行為,監管機構內部人員違法犯罪等問題。
在司法方面,存在重行政輕刑事、民事責任的問題,缺少民事賠償制度等。
三、中國股票市場制度的變革
基於上述分析,中國股票市場要成長為一個集融資、投資、資源配置功能於一體的成熟市場,必須進行基礎制度的變革,走市場化、法制化、國際化的道路。
1、市場化改革。按市場原則決定誰有權進入股票市場,明確監管范圍和責任,強化政府依法對股票市場進行監管,從各個方面放鬆政府管制,疏通股票市場的進出通道,實現發行上市和投資完全由市場來選擇,建立和完善退市機制。同時實行股票全流通,股權多樣化,大力發展產權交易市場,建立一個包括創業板市場、主板市場和場外交易市場的多層次市場體系,適時推出股票指數期貨、國債期貨等國外比較成熟,國內已初步具備條件的新型交易工具,積極探索期權、賣空機制、做市商制度、市價單與止損單等新型交易模式。
2、法制化改革。在立法方面:確立正確的立法指導思想,對《證券法》、《公司法》進行修改,使其具有前瞻性和可操作性;加強《證券法》、《公司法》的商事性,使其不僅僅是一部管理法;制訂頒布新的法律,完善現有的法律體系,如《投資者權益保護法》、《兼並與收購法》;修改《證券法》、《刑法》,使兩法對證券犯罪規定相互一致,相互銜接;增加《證券法》中有關欺詐民事責任的規定;修改《證券法》,增加對中國證監會司法審查的規定,推動中國證監會依法行政。
執法方面:形成科學的執法方式,避免證監會階段性查處一批違法案件的「運動式」監管,形成經常性監管,日常性監管和事件監管相結合,動態監管與靜態監管相呼應的監管方式;查處證券欺詐行為,保護投資者利益;證監會加強自律。
司法方面:法院以積極的態度對待投資者,對為了維護合法權益而對證券欺詐行為提起的訴訟,不得以沒有法律依據為由拒絕審理。
3、國際化改革。我們的市場規則、行為模式要和國際的最佳規則、最佳模式接軌,按照WTO的協議開放證券服務業。中長期應該實現股票市場,包括二級市場雙向自由開放,讓國外的藍籌股在上海的證券交易所自由上市,交叉掛牌。適時修改法規,允許存托憑證的實施,國內基金、國外資本的自由出入。■ 全科論文中心http://www.issncn.net 全科論文中心http://www.issncn.net